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␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u1


␈↓ α∧␈↓α␈↓ ε=PREFACE

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOne␈α∂intelligent␈α∂approach␈α∂to␈α∂prefaces␈α∂-␈α∂is␈α∂to␈α∂have␈α∂an␈α∂empty␈α∂preface.␈α∂ The␈α∂well␈α∞prepared
␈↓ α∧␈↓reader␈αwill␈αform␈αa␈αgood␈αidea␈αof␈αthe␈αtechnical␈αprogram␈αjust␈αfrom␈αlooking␈αat␈αthe␈αtable␈αof␈αcontents;
␈↓ α∧␈↓together␈α∂with␈α∂the␈α∂names␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂authors,␈α∂this␈α∂gives␈α∂him␈α∂a␈α∂good␈α∂idea␈α∂of␈α∂what␈α∂happened␈α⊂at␈α∂the
␈↓ α∧␈↓symposium.␈α I␈αcould␈αtry␈αto␈αassess␈αthe␈αtalks␈αand␈αdirect␈αthe␈αreader's␈αattention␈αto␈αthe␈αmore␈αinteresting
␈↓ α∧␈↓communications.␈α
 But␈αI␈α
fear␈α
this␈αwould␈α
be␈αtoo␈α
subjective␈α
and␈αunfair␈α
to␈αthe␈α
remaining␈α
authors␈α-
␈↓ α∧␈↓all of them equally represented in this book.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTHowever,␈α
recalling␈α
that␈α
Spring␈α
week␈α
in␈αRepino,␈α
a␈α
resort␈α
20␈α
kilometers␈α
from␈α
Leningrad␈αon
␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈αBay␈αof␈αFinland␈αand␈αunpopulated␈αat␈αthat␈αtime␈αof␈αyear,␈αI␈αhave␈αcome␈αto␈αthe␈αdefinite␈αconclusion
␈↓ α∧␈↓that␈αthat␈αscientific␈αmeeting␈αwas␈αin␈αits␈αown␈αway␈αunique.␈α What␈αcircumstances␈αgave␈αthis␈αsymposium
␈↓ α∧␈↓its special character?

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTFirst␈α∞it␈α∞was␈α∞not␈α
a␈α∞regular␈α∞IJCAI-type␈α∞conference␈α
for␈α∞which␈α∞there␈α∞is␈α∞advance␈α
preparation,
␈↓ α∧␈↓taking␈α
into␈α
account␈αprevious␈α
conferences␈α
of␈α
the␈αseries␈α
and␈α
knowing␈αthat␈α
others␈α
will␈α
follow.␈α The
␈↓ α∧␈↓technical␈α
program␈α
was␈α
more␈α
spontaneous␈α
than␈α
preplanned;␈α
there␈α
was␈α
neither␈α
selection␈α∞of␈α
papers
␈↓ α∧␈↓nor␈α∞restrictions␈α∞on␈α∞the␈α∞their␈α∞subjects.␈α∞ This␈α∞element␈α∞of␈α∞randomness␈α∞and␈α∞improvisation␈α∂gave␈α∞the
␈↓ α∧␈↓meeting␈α∂a␈α∂more␈α∂free␈α∂and␈α∂varied␈α∂character.␈α∂ The␈α∂fresh␈α∂audience␈α∂and␈α∂the␈α∂absence␈α⊂of␈α∂prehistory
␈↓ α∧␈↓encouraged␈αthe␈αauthors␈α
to␈αnot␈αrestrict␈αthemselves␈α
to␈αpresenting␈αtheir␈αlatest␈α
results,␈αbut␈αto␈αpay␈α
more
␈↓ α∧␈↓attention␈α⊂to␈α⊂analyzing␈α⊂the␈α⊂premises␈α⊂and␈α⊂motivation␈α⊂of␈α⊂their␈α⊂research.␈α⊂ This␈α⊂gave␈α⊂some␈α⊂of␈α∂the
␈↓ α∧␈↓presentations greater depth and scope, much to the satisfaction of the audience.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOf␈αcourse,␈αit␈αwas␈αimportant␈αthat␈αthe␈αconference␈αwas␈αan␈αoccasion␈αfor␈αa␈α"meeting␈αof␈αEast␈αand
␈↓ α∧␈↓West".␈α The␈αmass␈αmedia␈αoften␈αplay␈αup␈αsuch␈αmeetings,␈αbut␈αI␈αmust␈αadmit␈αthat␈αthis␈αmeeting␈αdid␈αnot
␈↓ α∧␈↓provide␈α
an␈α
occasion␈α
for␈α
such␈α
dramatizations.␈α
 At␈α
the␈α
same␈α
time,␈α
the␈α
direct␈α
and␈α
friendly␈αcontacts
␈↓ α∧␈↓between␈α⊗scientists␈α⊗with␈α⊗common␈α⊗interests,␈α⊗recognizing␈α⊗their␈α⊗common␈α⊗problems␈α⊗and␈α∃diverse
␈↓ α∧␈↓approaches␈αto␈αtheir␈αsolution␈α-␈αall␈αthat␈αmade␈αthe␈αconference␈αa␈αkind␈αof␈α"festival␈αof␈αthought",␈α
greatly
␈↓ α∧␈↓amplifying the creative motivation of the participants.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈α∩the␈α∩other␈α∩hand,␈α⊃it␈α∩didn't␈α∩turn␈α∩out␈α∩that␈α⊃the␈α∩forum␈α∩character␈α∩made␈α∩the␈α⊃symposium
␈↓ α∧␈↓superficial.␈α Not␈α
at␈αall.␈α It␈α
can␈αbe␈αsaid␈α
that␈αthe␈α
theme␈αof␈αthe␈α
conference␈αwas␈α"AI␈α
at␈αwork",␈αand␈α
this
␈↓ α∧␈↓is␈αreadily␈αconfirmed␈α
by␈αthe␈αprogram.␈α
 At␈αthe␈αsame␈αtime,␈α
this␈αobvious␈αdesire␈α
to␈αdo␈α"real␈α
work"␈αin
␈↓ α∧␈↓artificial␈α
intelligence␈α∞forced␈α
us␈α
to␈α∞restate␈α
the␈α
question:␈α∞Has␈α
there␈α
emerged␈α∞a␈α
stable␈α∞paradigm␈α
for
␈↓ α∧␈↓research␈αand␈αdevelopment␈αin␈αAI?␈α Is␈α
there␈αa␈αsingle␈αparadigm␈αor␈αseveral␈α
of␈αthem␈α-␈αor␈αis␈αit␈α
possible
␈↓ α∧␈↓to␈α∂do␈α⊂successful␈α∂work␈α⊂in␈α∂AI␈α⊂without␈α∂conscious␈α∂use␈α⊂of␈α∂any␈α⊂particular␈α∂paradigm?␈α⊂ Even␈α∂though
␈↓ α∧␈↓many␈αauthorities␈αin␈αthe␈αfield␈αwere␈αpresent,␈αno-one␈αtried␈αto␈αgive␈αa␈αfinal␈αanswer␈αto␈αthese␈αquestions.
␈↓ α∧␈↓However,␈α
the␈α∞participants␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
final␈α∞panel␈α
discussion␈α
unanimously␈α∞agreed␈α
that␈α∞AI␈α
had␈α∞got␈α
its
␈↓ α∧␈↓"second wind" in recent years and was again on the upswing.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTIt␈α↔seems␈α⊗reasonable␈α↔to␈α↔conclude␈α⊗that␈α↔the␈α↔business-like␈α⊗program␈α↔combined␈α↔with␈α⊗the
␈↓ α∧␈↓atmosphere of enthusiastic exchange of ideas thoroughly justifies optimistic expectations.

␈↓ α∧␈↓Andrei Ershov